Beam Analysis Research Articles

Alumina - Stabilized SEI and CEI in Potassium Metal Batteries.

Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanopowder is spin-coated onto both sides of commercial polypropene separator to create artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and artificial cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) in potassium metal batteries (KMBs). This significantly enhances the stability, including of KMBs with Prussian Blue (PB) cathodes. For example, symmetric cells are stable after 1,000 cycles at 0.5 mA/cm2 - 0.5 mAh/cm2 and 3.0 mA/cm2 - 0.5 mAh/cm2. Alumina modified separators promote electrolyte wetting and increase ionic conductivity (0.59 vs. 0.2 mS/cm) and transference number (0.81 vs. 0.23). Cryo-stage focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) analysis of cycled modified anode demonstrates dense and planar electrodeposits, versus unmodified baseline consisting of metal filaments (dendrites) interspersed with pores and SEI. Alumina-modified CEI also suppresses elemental Fe crossover and reduces cathode cracking. Mesoscale modeling of metal - SEI interactions captures crucial role of intrinsic heterogeneities, illustrating how artificial SEI affects reaction current distribution, conductivity and morphological stability.

Use of Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE), Particle Induced Gamma–Ray Emission (PIGE), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDXRF) for Detecting Trace Elements in Soil Sample

This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of trace element analysis utilizing ion-atom interaction techniques, focusing on the principles, applications, and recent advancements in the field. Ion- atom interaction techniques, including Particle Induced X- Ray Emission (PIXE), Particle Induced Gamma–Ray Emission (PIGE), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDXRF), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and ion beam analysis (IBA), offer unique capabilities for trace element analysis with high sensitivity and minimal sample preparation requirements. The paper begins by discussing the fundamental principles underlying ion-atom interaction techniques, such as the interaction of energetic ions with matter and the subsequent detection of emitted X-rays or backscattered particles. It explores the various analytical parameters that influence the sensitivity, resolution, and depth profiling capabilities of these techniques. Furthermore, the review highlights the diverse applications of ion-atom interaction techniques in fields such as environmental monitoring, forensic science, biomedical research, and materials science. It showcases how these techniques have been utilized to address specific analytical challenges, such as the detection of trace contaminants in environmental samples or the characterization of thin films and semiconductor materials.

Comparative Performance Analysis of Small Concrete Beams Reinforced with Steel Bars and Non-Metallic Reinforcements

This research investigates the performance of small concrete beams that are reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars, and traditional steel bars. It addresses the limitations of traditional steel reinforcement, emphasizing the need for alternative strategies. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials, including GFRP and BFRP, are examined for their mechanical characteristics compared to steel. The experimental program focuses on ultimate load-bearing capacity, deflection, deformation at different load levels, and failure modes. The concrete specimens, prepared according to Eurocode, consist of six small concrete beams measuring 80 × 120 × 1100 mm with varied reinforcements. The study reveals that GFRP-reinforced beams outperform BFRP and steel reinforcements in ultimate load-bearing capacity, showcasing enhanced structural performance. The GFRP-reinforced beams exhibit capacity and resilience characteristics surpassing those of both BFRP and steel, whereas the deflection observed was higher on both fiber-reinforced beams than on the steel-reinforced beams. The examination of failure modes reveals that the concrete beams that were reinforced with FRP bars showed a bending property before failure, while those reinforced with steel broke easily without bending much. This comprehensive research contributes to advancing our understanding of FRP materials’ application in concrete structures, paving the way for further optimization and overcoming limitations in reinforcement materials.

Dynamic Analysis of an FGM Beam Undergoing Large Overall Motion in Temperature Field

The dynamic analysis of a functionally gradient material (FGM) beam undergoing large overall motion based on meshless methods is studied in the variable temperature field environment. Considering the high-order terms of nonlinear coupling deformation which were often ignored in previous studies, the high-order rigid–flexible coupled (HOC) dynamic model of a rotating FGM beam with a lumped mass in a temperature field is established by employing Lagrange’s equations of the second kind. Compared with the first-order approximate coupled (FOAC) dynamic model, the HOC dynamic model is more accurate and has a wider scope of application. The validity of the point interpolation (PIM) method and radial point interpolation method (RPIM) in this paper is verified by comparison with simulation results of the assumed mode method (AMM) and the finite element method (FEM). On this basis, the factors affecting the dynamic characteristics of the FGM beam such as the form of temperature field, the functionally gradient index, and the location of added lumped mass are discussed. In this paper, the meshless method with higher computational efficiency and the HOC dynamic model with more accurate results are adopted. This study will provide guidance and reference for dealing with problems in engineering, machinery, aerospace, and other fields in complex environment.

Vibration Analysis of Uniform Flexible Beams under Large Deformation with Uniformly Continuous Mass Elements Using the Equivalent Pseudolinear System

This paper analyses vibration of uniform flexible simply supported rectangular isotropic beam under large deformation with uniformly distributed mass elements. The method of equivalent pseudolinear systems was employed. The deformation of the beam was assumed to be large and the beam was also assumed to be inextensible. The expressions for elastic and nonlinear bending moments were determined. The numerical values of horizontal displacements of the movable support, and the equivalent lengths at various depth-to-breadth (aspect) ratios were determined. The corresponding equivalent pseudolinear systems for various nonlinear bending moment diagrams at various aspect ratios were determined. Consequently the concentrated loads yielding the equivalent pseudolinear systems were converted to point masses using the gravitational acceleration; and subsequently a unit load system was applied successively and independently at each mass point. The Vereshchagin’s method was applied to determine the displacements for canonical equations of motion. Non-trivial solution of the canonical equations at each aspect ratio was sought for the desired eigenvalues. The first mode frequencies at aspect ratios, β = 1.00 and β = 1.25 are complex eigenvalues. Also the natural frequencies exhibit hard-spring type with aspect ratios; and the fundamental frequencies for all the aspect ratios are at seventh mode. Conclusively, the dynamic stability of the flexible rectangular beam of 0.25m-breadth and 15m-undeformed length is not guaranteed when the aspect ratio is less than or equal to 1.25. It is also concluded that deepness of the flexible rectangular beam loaded with uniformly distributed mass elements influences the vibratory characteristics.

Corrigendum to “Statistical Perspective on the Petrological Utility of Polyphase Groundmass Compositions Inferred via Defocused Beam Electron Probe Microanalysis” [Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research (2024)]

Due to the incorrect speciation of iron during thermometry modelling, Coulthard et al. (2024) produced an incorrect olivine‐liquid equilibrium diagram, which failed to identify multiple potential equilibrium olivine‐melt pairs. With the new pairs identified here, the temperatures inferred from olivine‐groundmass pairs move closer in temperature space to those inferred from olivine‐glass pairs. Additionally, it is recognised that the most significant difference between these thermometry data is due to differences in inferred melt water mass fraction. If a mean value of water is used for all thermometry, the mean temperatures calculated for olivine‐glass and olivine‐groundmass pairs converge to within 10 °C of one another. This indicates that groundmass compositions inferred via the defocused beam analysis of a polyphase groundmass may reproduce enough information to confidently perform olivine‐melt thermometry despite the glass and groundmass data representing significantly different compositions in multivariate space.

A three-dimensional phase-field model for studying the orientation-dependent interface evolution in stress-induced martensitic phase transformation

In this study, we address the challenging task of predicting the motion of interfaces in stress-driven martensitic phase transformations within shape memory alloys. The novelty of our approach lies in the introduction of a monolithically solved thermodynamic-based phase-field method, specifically tailored for large strain conditions at the nanoscale for three-dimensional problems. To achieve this, we have developed a custom finite element software seamlessly integrated into the FEniCS open-source framework, providing a sophisticated and efficient tool for the examination of nanostructure evolution. Our investigation delves into five distinct and complex scenarios under diverse loading conditions for two– and three-dimensional problems, each presenting unique challenges: (i) a straightforward uniaxial tension scenario featuring a square domain with a pre-existing martensitic nucleus; (ii) the evolution of interfaces in a square sample incorporating a circular central nanovoid under biaxial tensile stress; (iii) the analysis of a rectangular beam subjected to horizontal and vertical compressive loads; (iv) the assessment of an initially voided rectangular beam experiencing mixed loading conditions; and (v) the three-dimensional simulations of cubic-to-tetragonal phase transformation using various orientation of the habit plane. In contrast to prior studies, our analysis not only explores the standard factors of habit plane reorientation and strain transformation values but also delves into the impact of nanovoids on austenite–martensite interface evolution.

Analysis of multilayered two-dimensional decagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal beams with mixed boundary conditions

Piezoelectric quasicrystals have a broad spectrum of promising applications and research value due to their unique atomic arrangement and multi-field coupling effects. This paper presents a mechanical analysis of the static bending and free vibration problems of two-dimensional multilayered decagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal laminated beams. Mechanical models of the beams are established, and the differential quadrature method in conjunction with the state-space method is utilized to obtain the solutions for the beams with mixed boundary conditions. We first investigated the static response and free vibration problem of quasicrystal laminated beams. By degrading them into crystalline materials, we verified the accuracy of the method by comparing the results with the existing ones. Then, the effects of different boundary conditions and slenderness ratios on the stresses, displacements, electric potentials, and electric displacements of quasicrystal laminated beams under normal mechanical loading and free vibration are investigated. Subsequently, the effects of different laying modes on the mechanical properties of the quasicrystal laminated beams when the material principal axis of the beam is changed are also analyzed.

Emittance growth analysis of laser-driven broad energy spectral proton beams

Emittance growth analysis of laser-driven broad energy spectral proton beams

Vibration analysis of a sandwich Timoshenko beam reinforced by GOAM/CNT with various boundary conditions using VIM

In the present study, a sandwich beam reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/graphene origami auxetic metamaterials (GOAM) and porous cores is studied. Various distributions of CNTs in facesheets and porosity in the core are stated in terms of thickness. The equations of motion for a sandwich beam are derived and solved under various boundary conditions using variational iteration method (VIM), in which, it is a powerful technique with higher convergence with the computational method that gives analytical response to a linear problem. The effect of the types of CNT distributions, porosity coefficient, types of porous cores, porosity parameter, weight fraction and folding degree of GOAM, different geometric dimensions and different B.C.’s on the natural frequency is investigated. The obtained results are compared with the other literature, that there is a good agreement between them. On the other hands, the maximum error percentage of the present work (VIM) with Civalek and Kiracioglu [66] (Discrete singular convolution method) for the first five frequencies is equal to 0.3% according to Table 2, while in Table 3, the maximum error percentage of the present work (VIM) with Yas and Samadi [67] (differential quadrature method) for the first frequency with various boundary conditions and nanocomposite material is equal to 0.22%. In this regard, the present study can be a suitable platform to find the natural frequency and prevent the phenomenon of resonance and increase the life of the structure. Moreover, it is seen that with enhancing of weight fraction of GOAM, frequency increases because increasing the stiffness of structures. The importance of this research is to extract the formulation of sandwich beam structure for GOAM under different boundary conditions and compare the results between them by repeating the changes.

Synergistic Effect of He for the Fabrication of Ne and Ar Gas-Charged Silicon Thin Films as Solid Targets for Spectroscopic Studies.

Sputtering of silicon in a He magnetron discharge (MS) has been reported as a bottom-up procedure to obtain He-charged silicon films (i.e., He nanobubbles encapsulated in a silicon matrix). The incorporation of heavier noble gases is demonstrated in this work with a synergistic effect, producing increased Ne and Ar incorporations when using He-Ne and He-Ar gas mixtures in the MS process. Microstructural and chemical characterizations are reported using ion beam analysis (IBA) and scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM). In addition to gas incorporation, He promotes the formation of larger nanobubbles. In the case of Ne, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopies (XPS and XAS) are reported, with remarkable dependence of the Ne 1s photoemission and the Ne K-edge absorption on the nanobubble's size and composition. The gas (He, Ne and Ar)-charged thin films are proposed as "solid" targets for the characterization of spectroscopic properties of noble gases in a confined state without the need for cryogenics or high-pressure anvils devices. Also, their use as targets for nuclear reaction studies is foreseen.

Numerical analysis of shear critical BFRP-reinforced concrete beams containing basalt fibers

Simulation models were developed for concrete beams reinforced with basalt fibers (BF) and basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars. Experiments were conducted on physical concrete beams to validate predictions of the numerical models. The effect of replacement of natural aggregates (NA) by recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and the inclusion of BF on shear response of BFRP-reinforced concrete beams was then investigated numerically. The shear capacity of the beam models with 30–100% RCA decreased by 10–28 % relative to that of a control beam model with NA. The inclusion of BF at a volume fraction (vf) of 0.5 % to beam models with 30 % and 60 % RCA fully restored the shear capacity of the control model. At 100 % RCA, a maximum of 93 % of the shear capacity of the control model was restored at vf= 1.5 %. Research findings would assist practitioners in proper modeling of BFRP-reinforced concrete beams containing nonmetallic fibers.

Multiscale characterization of polymer electrolyte fuel cells elucidated by quantum beam analysis

Abstract Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) offer promising alternatives to conventional gasoline engines in automobiles and have been commercialized over the past decade. This progress can be attributed to state-of-the-art materials with high performance, long-term durability, and robust manufacturing technologies. The multiscale hierarchical structure inherent in PEFCs facilitates the transfer of protons, electrons, oxygen, and water. As various phenomena in PEFCs occur at different scales, multiscale analysis, including quantum beam analysis, is of great interest for materials development and for understanding the processes that take place in PEFCs. In particular, advancements in this field have enabled the further tailoring of properties in a controlled manner and the design of nanostructures processing superior material properties. Additionally, the expansion of quantum beam sources has facilitated the study of manufacturing protocols. This review presents the achievements in the use of synchrotron x-ray and neutron sources in the field of PEFCs, while also addressing remaining issues for the widespread commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles.

A numerical critical shear crack model and its application to post‐peak behavior assessment of RC and SFRC beams

AbstractIn this paper, a numerical critical shear crack model, in which the shear‐flexural coupling effect is considered and the full process of stress and strain is captured, is proposed to evaluate the post‐peak behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) and steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams. The shape of critical shear crack is identified by combining the modified compression field theory considering the bridge effect of steel fibers and the section analysis method. Based on the shape of critical shear crack, the shear capacity of beam members is provided by the shear tension zone and the shear compression zone. The shear capacity of the shear tension zone is calculated by the modified compression field theory and that of the shear compression zone is determined by multiaxial strength criterion of concrete. The vertical displacements caused by the flexure deformation and shear deformation are deduced by the moment area method and integration of shear strain. To verify the proposed numerical approach, a test database of 486 RC beams and 313 SFRC beams was established to predict the shear strength, and the force‐displacement relationships of twelve beam members are used to validate the feasibility for full process analysis. The stochastic analysis of beams with different failure modes is conducted via GF‐discrepancy‐based point selection method and probability density evolution method. The limitation between different failure modes is defined according to the degradation percent of shear capacity and it is taken as threshold value of failure domain, and the failure probability analysis indicates that the designed flexure beam member suffered severe degradation of shear capacity, resulting in a significant decline in safety probability.

Analysis of Spatial Curved Bi-Fixed Beam with Varying Curvature and Varying Cross-Sectional Area Using Finite Displacement Transfer Method

This article is focused on determination of fixed-end reactions, displacements, internal forces and internal moments for the spatial curved bi-fixed beam with varying curvature and varying cross-sectional area. The objective is to analyze spatially curved beam without involving analytical differentiation and integration of the governing equations. A finite displacement transfer method to analyze spatially curved beam is used to obtain numerically approximate analysis results and to eliminate analytical differentiation and integration, completely. The results of the analysis procedure are compared with the results of other methods found in the literature. For the specific case of the circular helical beam, the fixed end reactions' values have absolute maximum and minimum percentage differences of 1.23% and 0.06%, respectively. For the specific case of the elliptic-helical beam, the fixed end reactions' values have absolute maximum and minimum percentage differences of 1.13% and 0.0%, respectively. The finite difference method, along with the recursive scheme, gives reasonably accurate results without involving complex calculations

Restoration of two-span RC beams with severely corroded reinforcement using C-FRCM composites

The feasibility and viability of using carbon fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (C-FRCM) composites for restoration of continuous reinforced concrete (RC) beams with severely corroded reinforcement were examined. Five large-scale dual-span RC beams were fabricated and tested. One beam was not corroded to serve as a control. Four beams were subjected to accelerated corrosion that corresponded to a tensile steel cross-sectional loss of 40% in either the sagging or the hogging region. Such a steel cross-sectional loss would cause a comparable reduction in the yield load of bare steel reinforcing bars. Two of the corroded beams were repaired with C-FRCM composites. An analytical model was formulated and utilized to design the number of C-FRCM layers required to fully restore the original load capacity. Experimental results verified the redistribution of moments between the sagging and hogging regions due to yielding of the tensile steel at critical sections. Both sagging and hogging sections contributed to the load-bearing capacity, and hence, the reduction in the load capacity caused by corrosion in one of the critical sections was smaller than the tension steel cross-sectional loss caused by corrosion. It was possible to predict the load capacity of the tested beams with reasonable accuracy considering the residual cross-sectional area of the corroded tension steel bars while keeping their yield strength and Young’s modulus unaltered in addition to implementing other conventional assumptions adopted by international codes and guidelines. As predicted analytically and verified experimentally, rehabilitation of corroded continuous beams with appropriate number of C-FRCM composite layers fully restored their original load capacity. Research findings would assist practitioners in conducting a proper analysis of continuous RC beams with corroded reinforcement before and after repair with C-FRCM composites.

Time-varying reliability models for parallel systems consisting of beam structures with crack flaws

Abstract. Time-varying reliability assessment of parallel systems of beam structures with crack defects is of great importance for structural safety evaluation. In this paper, time-varying reliability models for parallel systems with cracked beams are proposed. In the modeling process, the statistical correlation between crack depth, random working load, random strength degradation, and random stress response as well as the complex failure correlation jointly caused by these factors are considered. Based on the finite element analysis of the cracked beams, the reliability models are constructed by combining the neural network and the response surface agent model. The validity of the model is verified by the Monte Carlo simulation method. The results show that crack depth and working load dispersion have important effects on reliability and failure correlation.

An isogeometric formulation for free vibration and buckling analyses of FG graphene platelets-reinforced porous beams based on a two-variable shear deformation theory

An isogeometric formulation for free vibration and buckling analyses of FG graphene platelets-reinforced porous beams based on a two-variable shear deformation theory

Non-linear vibration and bifurcation analysis of Euler-Bernoulli beam under parametric excitation

This paper presents an analysis of the non-linear vibrations of beams, which play a crucial role in various industrial and construction structures. Understanding the transverse vibrations of beams and accurately determining their frequency response is essential for achieving optimal design and structural performance. The novelty of this study lies in conducting a transverse non-linear vibration analysis of a three-dimensional beam while considering the effect of mid-plane elongation. By incorporating this aspect into the analysis, the study aims to provide deeper insights into the dynamic behavior of beams subjected to non-linear effects. A multiple-time scale approach has been adopted to conduct this research. To verify the accuracy of the method as well as the accuracy of the outcomes gained from this method, a contrast has been made with the 4th-order Runge-Kutta technique, which indicates that the results obtained are acceptable. The frequency response of the beam indicates the presence of a phenomenon of splitting into two non-linear branches during the three-dimensional vibrations of the beam, as well as a hardening state in the frequency response as a result of stretching the middle plane of the beam. Furthermore, a parametric study was conducted in which different parameters were examined to determine the starting point of non-linear bifurcation. As a result, the damping coefficient and resonance deviation parameter are two factors that affect the preference for critical bifurcation over safe bifurcation. Furthermore, the stretching of the middle plane results in a higher non-linear term coefficient in the vibration equations of the beam, which increases the oscillation frequency of the beam.

A novel approach to the dynamic response analysis of Euler-Bernoulli beams resting on a Winkler soil model and subjected to impact loads

A novel approach to the dynamic response analysis of Euler-Bernoulli beams resting on a Winkler soil model and subjected to impact loads